Taking a Stance on Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Taking a Stance on Capital Punishment Essay Who are we to decide who should live and who should die? Who are we to decide that the punishment should not fit the crime? Who are we to consider mercy for the merciless? These are just a few questions I would love to be able to ask someone like Carrie Marie Scott, Janna Bruce, or Sheila Whalen but I can not, they all were murdered by Stephen Peter Morin. Stephen was one of the â€Å"botched† executions by lethal injection. It took the technicians almost 45 minutes to find a suitable vein to administer the sentence. I wonder how long it took his three victims to die as he raped and tortured them in a van he sound proofed. As for the time he suffered on the table getting needles stuck in him, I hope it does not happen to anyone that did not torture and kill three innocent people. Where is the humanity for the victims? Then there is the botched execution of John Wayne Gacy. This man tortured and killed over 25 people after his first conviction of child molestation in 1968; yet it is inhumane that his execution took 18 minutes longer to complete than normal because of a clogged IV tube? Perhaps we should ask the family of his victims if it took longer than 18 minutes for them to get over the death of their loved ones. Where is the humanity for the victims? What of the Hodges family? Richard Hodges and his 75 year old mother Mildred were both murdered by suffocation by Bert Leroy Hunter and Tomas Ervin. On December 15th, 1988; Hunter and Ervin broke into the Hodges’ family home at gun point to rob them. The Hodges’ were bound with duct tape and had plastic bags put over their heads causing them to suffocate. Death by suffocation can take upwards of eight minutes to happen; try holding your breath for a minute and you will realize the agony of this death. When hunter was executed his body convulsed violently; but this is the inhumane aspect of this entire ordeal. I feel that I would be cheating the family if I did not mention that this crime was committed after Hunter got out of jail for his first conviction of murder and in jail is where he met his accomplice Ervin. Where is the humanity for the victims? What is a lethal injection? It is a very basic process where Sodium Thiopental is used to put the person to sleep, then Pancuronium is administered to paralyze the muscles, and Potassium Chloride is used to stop the heart; if this is not given the person would die of asphyxiation from the Pancuronium. The person has an IV in both arms although one is only used as a backup in case the main fails. The person on the execution table will always have one right that he or she did not allow their victim to have; the right to die with their dignity. When you look at the very basic facts of this, that no one should take a life; everything is very simple. When people say that â€Å"this poor person died on the execution table in a horrible way;† it is really easy to take a stance and say that it is wrong. The problem is that this is a heavily flawed perspective based on initial reactions without digging further and finding the details about how the ended up on that execution table in the first place. It all comes down to protecting the ones we are supposed to protect; the people who do NOT break the law and their rights have far been overlooked for rights of the ones who victimized them. So you ask for a stance and I will take one: Killing people is wrong, but the people who have killed people should not have a voice in their treatment of way they die; their victims did not. I support lethal injection and capital punishment. So long as people are willing to kill other people in cold blood; I am willing to see them off to their demise and not stand in the way.

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Yossarian is faking his illnesses to avoid the war. While he’s in the hospital he is required to censor letters and he will joke and censor just about anything he reads and signs off as â€Å"Washington Irving†. A Texan comes and eventually annoys everyone back into active duty. Yossarian notices that he is the only one who is concerned with the war and claims that everyone is trying to kill him. Everyone else denies that there is a war going on. He later finds out that his Colonel has raised the number of required missions from 45 to 50 when Yossarian was at 44. Orr talks to Yossarian about how he used to walk around with crab apples in his mouth. A general named Peckem hopes to take over command of Yossarian’s unit because the current general is failing at bringing enthusiasm to his subordinates. Yossarian feels sick but Daneeka instead sends him back and recommends acting like Havermeyer, who is a soldier that makes the most of every situation Yossarian talks with Daneeka whose problems are that the war is interrupting his medical practice. Yossarian interrupted educational meetings resulting in a rule that only people who don’t ask questions could ask questions. Private first class Wintergreen caused frustration among his superiors by giving a message out that only said â€Å"T.S. Eliot†. Yossarian listens to Doc Daneeka’s story about newlyweds who visited his office. Yossarian again attempts to get grounded by claiming he was crazy, which of course proved that he wasn’t. Hungry Joe has flown all of his missions and he is still not allowed to go home because the number of missions keeps rising. Orr attacks Appleby in a game of Ping-pong. Yossarians pilot, McWatt is described in this chapter as the â€Å"craziest combat man† because o... ... go through with the plan. Orr and Yossarian realize Milos amount of control as he is the mayor and even god in some countries. Nately Yossarian and Hungry Joe arrive in rome where they meet up with Nately’s prostitute. Nately argues with an old man about how America and Italy were doing in the war. Milo’s company has grown world wide but has a problem selling massive amounts of Egyptian cotton. He was surprised when Yossarian brings the idea of selling it to the government. The chaplain is miserable because no one will treat him as a regular person. He tries to help by seeing major major about the missions but he wont allow anyone in. After Colonel Cathcart periodically throws him out, he begins questioning everything even god. Nately falls in love with his whore while she is annoyed with him. Yossarian and Dunbar change identities but are caught by the Nurses

Brideshead Revisited

A twitch upon the thread-each of us sometimes feels being tied to some kind of thread, invisible one and there is someone on the other end of it who twitches this thread when it’s necessary.The thing is how far each of us can go away to feel it or how far God can permit us go away wondering before twitching it. God sees everything and never will leave someone who need his help, who tries to preserve something really valid in his soul, just the thread can be of different length. In â€Å"Brideshead Revisited† by Evelyn Waugh the idea of the â€Å"thread† is rather good highlighted . The story affects a misleading attitude of indifference, which neither condemn nor sanction any conduct or behavior that takes place.The fond of the novel is religious. The plot is a nostalgic story based on the memories of the main characters who had been a wealthy English Catholic family. In England where most people are Protestant, being Catholic makes the family despite their owner ship and high social status, a subject of prejudice.But in the world of English upper-class, in this world itself   a lot of sins and defects can be seen. The life of wealthy students in Oxford is full of self-indulgence and irresponsibility. Here, Charles Ryder first meets Sebastian Flyte who searches for happiness and self in this world but he can’t find it.   So, he tries to escape in alcohol and denial of faith.The novel â€Å"Brideshead Revisited† is the moral story which shows us what usually happens when the material things of the world loose their attractiveness and sense, when one, finally, has to take a look inside his soul and seeing nothing there becomes struck and scared. In such situation it’s hard to preserve one’s spiritual values and frequently a   person can’t find the way out.That’s what is happening with Sebastian. The God permits one to go far away from him, even to escape, to hide himself somewhere but the tread b etween him and the individual could be still very long. It can be so long as God   wants.The unique person who can cut it is the person itself. The individual can cut this thread by his total indifference ,by absence of his proper desire to correct, to change something in his life. But still one continues looking at his soul searching for something better there, this thread will be permanent and our task is to be aware of this twitching when we loose control.During his first visit to Marchmain family’s residence, Charles Ryder is struck by the moral tragedy of a family –with their desire to appear traditional and socially accepted in the â€Å"correct† circle.Lady Marchmain commands abidance to Catholicism among four   very different children. She controls over her children using her charm, piety and the religious doctrine which is unquestionable for her. The elder son, Brideshaed is pious and conservative and narrow-minded. Julia is a contemporary woman, sm art and very beautiful. She is portrayed as a complex young woman who must reject her faith to marry. She eventually finds herself disappointed with her choice of a husband and is left wondering how life could be so bad.Cordelia is the youngest of the Marchmain children. She is too young and devout of faith to fully understand her brother’s dilemma. Cordelia also seems too young to be aware of her mother’s need to control, but after Lady Marchmain dies, Cordelia confides to Charles that her mother was saintly but she wasn’t a saint and when people wanted to hate God, they hated her mother. There is a resigned acceptance at her inability to love her mother and of the lapse of faith of her father, sister and beloved brother. In this case it can be seen perfectly well how the beauty and charm of upper-class life can destroy relationship, the life of a family.Charles, the upper-middleclass Oxford student sees that there is more to Oxford life than mere study. He lik es the upper-class and, naturally, he wants to be part of it. He likes its charm and splendor but at the same time he sees a great hole in Sebastian’s soul when he meets him.The author gives us the description of the eventual downfall of the youngest son Sebastian, whose burden is to confront his disillusionment with his faith, with his morally incorruptible mother. Sebastian is a lonely soul, he uses his religion as a toy and all the time feels the strange conflict in his soul. Charles and Sebastian became inseparable and lived life at Oxford to the full, but Charles realized that Sebastian drank not because of an excess of high spirits or enjoy but to escape. He looks for love but struggles with homosexuality.He has no truly romantic relationships with either a man or a woman until Charles arrives. Charles isn’t homosexual but he can see Sebastian’s tragedy. Sebastian’s deep depression and inner battle to reconcile his beliefs with his mother’s e xpectations of him are exemplified by the conversation between two young men in the colonnade with the papers. Sebastian couldn’t find true solace in his relationship with Charles because he perceived that Charles couldn’t understand the gravity of his dilemma, despite their mutual love.Waugh portrays Charles as a irreligious person and this makes Sebastian’s dilemma deeper. The chasm between unaffected by religion and the need to be devout of faith is too wide to be bridged for these two young men. Sebastian escapes but he escapes from himself, he can’t find something that would calm him though he has everything.   His inner desire for God , for real love doesn’t permit him to dissolve completely in the world of false feelings. And that is that so-called thread of God , unseen hook that he can twitch when someone escapes too far.The thing is not each of us pays attention to this kind of control. We are sure that we are all right and everything w e are doing is perfect and correct   and ,frequently, people go on doing what is correct to their opinion making this thread longer and longer. In the novel by Evelyn Waugh it can be seen very well.Julia agonises over her marriage to a colonial who doesn’t understand the devotion to the church which he consider to encourage the perpetuation of guilt for its own purposes. But finally she is disappointed like her brother Sebastian.With all of these examples Waugh tries to explain that whatever   we do, it can’t avoid the evaluation of God. No one can break the link communicating his soul with God and leave in this way without problems. God won’t let them go too far..These words are emblematic of all this novel. Among thousands of problems and troubles, among millions of different   people exist also the treads of God and if somebody has preserved in his soul the inward desire to God and his call to us in Christ and His Church, so God will catch him â€Å"wi th an unseen hook and a invisible line which is long enough to let him wander to ends of the world and still to bring him back with a twitch upon the thread†.1It’s hard to speak about approval of one of the character’s conduct. Sebastian was too young to admit his mother’s doctrines without protest , his mother was too devoted to faith and didn’t pay much attention to her children feelings and deathbed conversion also isn’t too good way to express one’s point of view. It’s necessary to express everything during its life and this life must be lived according to the law of God without paying much attention if you are a Catholic or a Protestant. Threads of God are equal for everybody.1.Evelin Waugh, Brideshead Revisited(Paperback,1999), p.189Bibliography1. Evelin Waugh, Brideshead Revisited(Paperback,1999).

Obesity A Growing Factor Essay - 1307 Words

Obesity is a growing factor in the United States. Data confirms that there is an increase in fast food dining facilities across the United States as well as a decrease in nutritional information. Without an immediate change in this trend, obesity among young adults, specifically college students, will continue to transcend. Colleges and universities should start providing healthier food options for students to choose from, propose exceptional living and lifestyle coaching for students, and require general promotion of healthy living across the campus. Accordingly, the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) should offer healthier food choices for students, require healthy lifestyle information classes, and promote the University Fitness Center more often. Healthier students are superior learners and data claims that this can lead to a more successful life for those students (Basch 593-598). The transition from adolescence to adulthood can be difficult. With this upheaval, young adu lts begin composing independent decisions, such as, determining what food they desire to eat. According to the College and University Consumer Trend Report, there are nearly 16 million college students and the variety of healthy food only satisfies 28% of them. Furthermore, 44% of college students surveyed in this report claimed that their school’s dining program influenced their choice of school. In actuality, students do care about the food offered at each school they hope to attend (CollegeShow MoreRelatedShould We Assign Personal Responsibility For Obesity Epidemic?1649 Words   |  7 PagesShould we assign personal responsibility for obesity epidemic? Obesity is a growing threat to public health in the World and in the United States. Since 1960, the prevalence of obesity increased twice in the United States. According to a latest report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  on November 11, 2015 obesity rates among U.S. adults increased from 30 % in 2003 to 36.5 % in 2011-2014. The estimated annual health care costs of obesity-related illness is approximately $190 billionRead More Critiquing Internet Sources The author is keen in analyzing the issue of excessive consumption of800 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide a biased perception on the issue (Dodd et al, 2010). It is important to acknowledge that the multimedia tool is keen on focusing on obesity, which has become one of the growing health concern among both children and adults. The tool shows the main reason why obesity has become a growing concern. It is clear since it articulates the problem of obesity with poor diet and the lack of exercise. An increasing number of individuals in the United States and the world are not practicing a balancedRead MoreChildhood Obesity Affects The Children s Emotional Health1717 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has been a crucial global concern for the past years, especially in the United States. Obesity within children has become a concern because it can develop multiple health risks. Although some of the health risks can be treated, there are many that could follow them for a lifetime. Some of the health risks could be minor, but many of the health issues are deadly. Childhood obesity has been related to affecting the majority of the child’ s main body systems. For example, childhoodRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity892 Words   |  4 Pagesadults are considered obese in America. In recent years obesity is the health topic of choice these days because obesity in America is a growing epidemic. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a 2009-2010 survey conducted by the National Health and Nutrition examination this data states that about one third of children and adolescents ages six to nine are considered to be overweight or obese. Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in childrenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Developing Problem1197 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is a developing problem, and not just in adults. Today, one in three American children and teens are either overweight or obese; almost triple the rate previously in 1963. Child obesity has expeditiously become one of the most genuine health challenges of the 21st century (â€Å"10 Su rprising Facts About Childhood Obesity†). Physical inactivity, race, junk food in schools, the mass media, and the child’s parents flaws are all factors that have resulted in the prevalence of childhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity Analysis1473 Words   |  6 PagesParents Child Caretakers Obesity in America is literally a growing problem, affecting every age group. Children are the most venerable group because they have no control over where they have dinner or how often they have fast food. Parents and guardians make decisions about food and are responsible for the health of children. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the last twenty years. This is concerning because Type Two diabetes is a horrible, crippling disease that is affecting childrenRead MoreArgumentative Research Paper On Childhood Obesity1555 Words   |  7 Pages Argumentative Research Paper: Childhood Obesity Issac Jones ECPI University ENG 120 Advanced Composition M. Barnes June 11, 2017 Health has become a very popular topic in today’s society; how to lose weight, healthy body mass index, proper foods to eat to give your body nutrition, certain exercises to help lose weight here or gain muscle there, lower prices for a gym memberships, it seems to be a topic we are hearing about all the time now. However,Read MoreVideo Mediums and Childhood Obesity971 Words   |  4 PagesVideo Mediums and Childhood Obesity Childhood Obesity has now reached a critical level. The main reason for the growing number of obese children is inactivity. With obesity in children being related to many health issues, it is important that we not only stop the rise in childhood obesity, but reverse it. With their health at risk, it is imperative that we assure our children are in good physical shape and at healthy weight levels. The stakes are quite high, according to the U.S. DepartmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An American Epidemic1263 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Obesity: An American Epidemic America is facing a serious challenge! Children’s health is becoming a critical concern. Childhood obesity has become an â€Å"epidemic disease† that has rapidly grown over the years in the United States. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011 states that, â€Å"childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. In 2012, more than one- third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese†Read MoreObesity : A Major Health Challenge1319 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Obesity is a major health challenge in the United States. The World Obesity Federation reports obesity has become a major growing health problem since infectious diseases and nutrient deficiencies began to fade in the first half of the 20th century (WOF, 2015, para 1). Obesity is one of the biggest challenges facing healthcare today. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention report more than one-third of adults in the United States are obese and childhood obesity is at 17 percent

Book Review Lydias Open Door Essay - 1518 Words

Lydia’s Open Door by American Anthropologist Patty Kelly is an intriguing case study about both the hidden and not so hidden aspects of sex work in Chiapas, Mexico. Her book proves the usefulness of ethnographic works where she engages with unconventional ways of knowing in order to determine the complex relationships that help to reproduce gender inequality. Lydia’s Open Door contextualizes prostitution within a political and economic framework revealing how it is impossible to diagnose one without the others. She uses both macro and micro-analysis to deconstruct the variability in how prostitution is practiced, regulated and perceived through space and time. Throughout her ethnography she discusses how globalization and†¦show more content†¦She explains that the creation of the Zona Galactica can be attributed to the 1982 foreign debt crisis which â€Å"precipitated the massive shift in Mexican political ideology and economic policy† (10). Mexic o was in turmoil from the loss of export earnings due to a worldwide recession as well as from the soaring interest rates on the loans that were given by US, Japanese, and European banks to third world countries. Unable to pay, Mexico became a vulnerable contender for neoliberal restructuring. This neoliberal restructuring, Kelly explains, came as a condition with structural adjustment loans given out by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in order to help poor countries pay off their debt. Kelly defines neoliberalism as a more aggressive version of capitalism which encompasses an entirely deregulated market along with heightened consumerism (3-4). However, she is very effective in pointing out that these structural adjustment loans along with their conditions were not necessarily for the purpose of making poor countries more modern and efficient, but were essentially self-serving. She states that neoliberal structural adjustment put these economies in the hands of b ureaucrats in Washington, D.C. which began a recolonization of the developing world. Kelly conceptualizes the struggle for modernity as the missing link between state-regulated prostitution and neoliberal restructuring. This frames the Zona Galactica as an

Heinrich Himmler s Speech On The Holocaust - 943 Words

Heinrich Himmler was born on October 7, 1900, in Munich, Germany where he grew up to become the second most powerful man in the third Reich. His cause of fame was due to his control over the SS and Gestapo, as well as his jurisdiction concerning the holocaust. Himmler was given control of the SS, also known as the Nazi Party in 1929. Since he had authority, he began to expand his influence across Europe. In the late summer of 1941, Himmler got the approval to organize a mass murder among the Jewish people. With inspiration of exterminating the Jews, Himmler delivered a speech to SS officers in Poznan, October 4, 1943. This speech elaborated about his beliefs and order of conquered people. This speech motivated the Schutzstaffel to kill approximately eleven million people. (Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia, Heinrich Himmler) Himmler announced his speech in German. Inconveniently, I can’t understand German, however, this article accurately translates Himmler’s speech from German to English. My source is are from original documents on the holocaust, found in Trial of War Criminals Before the Nurnberg Military Tribunals – Washington, U.S Govt. Print. Off., 1949-1953, Vol. XII, p.232, and Himmler, Reichsfuehrer SS-P. The purpose of this source was to manipulate people into thinking that Jews were an inferior race and a threat to German policies. The historical context, in which the speech was announced, was told during World War II, and the holocaust. World War IIShow MoreRelatedHy3 Personal Sources Pack1122 Words   |  5 Pages‘Personal sources pack’ Assignment title ‘The Holocaust was the result of Hitler’s long-held grand design to pursue a programme of annihilation against the Jews.’ Pack Created by: Ryan Buckle Attributions in normal text and sources are in boxes with italic writing. History HY3 sources Intentionalist Document 9 Speech delivered by Hitler in Salzburg, 7 or 8 August 1920. (NSDAP meeting) Source: D Irving, The War Path: Hitler s Germany 1933-1939. Papermac, 1978, p.xxi The followingRead MoreAnalysis Of David Irving s Hitler s War Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesThese actions of subverting the authority of science and academia is where the Holocaust revisionists come into the picture. Many of the most prominent revisionists derive their authority from their title as historians. Perhaps the most famous of these people is David Irving. David Irving was a renowned historian in his knowledge of Nazi Germany. He published multiple books that were incredibly detailed looks into World War II. Of his works, he is well known for Hitler’s War, The Destruction of DresdenRead MoreThe Holocaust - Hidden Under Conspiracy, Doubt, And Denial2563 Words   |  11 PagesHidden under conspiracy, doubt, and denial, the truth of what really happened during the Holocaust has been revealed through an immense amount of investigation and research. Nazis were essentially ordered to exterminate Jewish existence from the face of the earth, and created an aim to fi nish off the Jews in Europe by either gassing, shooting, or even starving them to death. There have been claims from deniers that these stories were only conspiracy theories made by the Jews to justify their atrociousRead MoreThe Holocaust Essay example2625 Words   |  11 PagesNations. What made the leaders of the 41 States create and sign this document in which the term Genocide was legally defined? This document serves as a permanent reminder of the actions made by the Nazis and their leader Adolf Hitler during the Holocaust where more than five million of European Jews were killed. In summary I will explain what were the events that leaded the ordinary Germans kill more than six million Jews in less than five years. To achieve this goal, I will base my arguments onRead MoreGetting New Jeans Three Weeks Ago1905 Words   |  8 Pagesassigned readings about the Holocaust. Then a wave of guilt overcame me and slapped me in the face. Why would I allow myself such luxuries while I read about such a horrific event? I felt disrespectful just thinking of having the ability to sit in the comfort of my own home, make delicious, abundant food, drink a beer, read on my comfortable cushioned couch and heated house while I spend hundreds of thousands of dollars to receive an art education and take a class about the Holocaust. 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The effectiveness of Nazi propaganda was greater than anyone could have anticipated because Hitler s regime constructed a language of the people using logical fallacies to win the hearts and minds of the German populace. In Hitler s speeches he would state three or four bullet points that the average citizen knew to be true, then couple those bullet points with his own agenda. His lies, therefore, became truthful

Leadership & Clinical Governance-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Examine and Critically discuss the evidence related to the Impact of Effective Communication on maintaining Patient Safety. Answer: Globally, there has been a recent increase in escalating costs and demands across all healthcare organizations. The major challenges faced by caregivers and health professionals working in a healthcare setting are a fiscal constraints, increased demand for access to health resources, high client expectations, and issues that violate patient safety and quality of care being provided (Mannix, Wilkes Daly, 2013). Thus, effective governance is imperative to maximize appropriate care delivery services. This is achieved by demonstrating clinical leadership that ensures high quality health care system. To achieve positive health outcomes, clinical leaders need to demonstrate adequate competence and skills, which will help them to communicate with the multidisciplinary clinical groups existing in a healthcare unit (Hutchinson Jackson, 2013). This essay will illustrate the effects of effective communication by nurses on patient safety and will also reflect on an incident that will demonstrate the adverse events that occurred due to miscommunication with a patient. Impact of effective communication on patient safety- Nurses often act as the forefront of healthcare delivery system by being directly involved in providing a holistic and client-centered care to them. Thus, they play a crucial role in identifying the health status of patients, supporting them and preventing the occurrence of any adverse events. Nurse leaders are therefore responsible for building alliances and connections across the healthcare setting by fostering effective communication among the patients, family, caregivers, key stakeholders and the administration (Cousin et al., 2012). The positive effects of communication skills on the capacity of patients to cope up with chronic disorders and show better outcomes have been demonstrated by several research evidences conducted in the past decades (Cooper et al., 2012). The ability of a nursing leader to listen, explain, and empathise with the client creates deep-rooted impacts on the health outcomes and patient satisfaction. Most studies have provided evidence that the ineffective communication acts as the major cause of inadvertent patient harm. Failure to communicate appropriately leads to transfer of inadequate and ambiguous information, faulty exchanges and lack of effective information exchange (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2015). Thus, improving communication is considered to be of utmost priority for enhancing patient care quality (Radtke, 2013). It has been proved by studies that effective interaction between team members leads to an increased work efficiency and clinical outcomes, reduction in workloads and adverse drug events, elimination of chances of medication errors, lowering of patient morbidity, and improved satisfaction of both the nurses and their clients. Communication skills are essential for nurses because they spend a considerable amount of time with their clients (Bramhall, 2014). It is integral to develop rapport with patients in order to promote holistic patient care. Efficient communication leads to the establishment of supportive relationships. This view has also been supported by other study, which states that active listening, demonstration of compassion towards patients are more likely to increase positive patient experiences (Shirley Sanders, 2013). Evidences for the positive impacts of communication skills on patient outcomes were demonstrated by another mixed methods study that evaluated the effects of the SAGE and THYME foundation level workshop (Connolly et al., 2014). SAGE and THYME refers to a mnemonic that helps in structured conversation with distressed people. SAGE stands for setting, ask, gather, and empathy. It brings the person into the conversation. THYME encompasses talk, help, you, me, and end. It helps in bringing them out of the conversation. The results demonstrated that non-verbal communication skills, structured conversations and verbal behavior were successful in eliciting positive patient responses. The positive impacts of communication on patient safety were also supported by a study that suggested communication failures often lead to negative health outcomes due to medication errors (Brock et al., 2013). Adequate training of inter-professional healthcare teams helps in increasing positive attitudes and knowledge among the patients and reduces incidence of adverse health outcomes among patients suffering from asthma, tachycardia, congestive heart failure and seizures. A similar view was opined by authors of another study who considered communication to be the hallmark of safe delivery in perinatal units (Lyndon et al., 2011). Nursing leaders, who are attentive, respectful towards patients and competent to communicate with the physicians, efficiently prevent chances of errors in care delivery and help to safeguard a patient. Hierarchical differences, lack of administrative support and weak collaboration among professionals are some of the challenges to effective inter-professional communication (Doyle, Lennox Bell, 2013). Data from other studies also state that lack of proper framework to facilitate verbal communication, differing opinions among nurses and frequent distractions also violate patient safety (Coelho Galan, 2012). Intimidating behaviours are responsible for causing errors in mediation, adverse health outcomes and poor patient satisfaction. This in turn increases hospitalisation costs and creates dissatisfaction among the patients and their family members (Cummings et al., 2010). Reflection on an incident related to ineffective communication- In this part I intend to reflect on a situation that occurred during the first year of my clinical practice, which gave me the opportunity to understand the importance of effective communication in patient care. This incident occurred when an elderly patient Mandy (pseudonym) was admitted to the ward where I was assisting my mentor and involved miscommunication between the nurse-in-charge and the patient. The concerned nurse failed to demonstrate adequate communication skills, which created difficulties for Mandy to perform tasks such as toileting, undressing and self-feeding. Failure of the nurse to identify the non-verbal gestures shown by the patient made her restless and she suffered a fall from the bed. This led to several bruises on the latters arms and legs. To prevent occurrence of this incident in near future the nurse-in-charge put up a patient bed side board. This facilitated easy communication between the patient, her family members and the concerned staff in the ward. The RN started to communicate about all events that happened during that shift by writing instructions on the board. She reassured Mandy that proper care would be taken by holding the latters hands and putting an arm around her shoulder (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2015). She further used simple, short sentences, maintained a low voice pitch, an eye contact and paid attention to the cues that suggested that Mandy was overwhelmed by the caring behaviour shown towards her. Styles and characteristics of clinical leadership- All nurses are expected to exhibit powerful leadership skills in a hospital setting that helps them to achieve their goals. There are several recognised styles of clinical leadership. For instance, the transactional leadership makes the senior nurses promote compliance to the followers, generally the junior staff by punishments and rewards (McCleskey, 2014). A transactional leader focuses on organisation, supervision and team performance. They pay attention to all staff in order to find flaws and deviations. This leadership style proves effective in crisis situations. The transformational leadership style focuses on building relationships with staff and motivating them through a shared vision. Such leaders increase the confidence and inspire the workers to improve their performances (Garca-Morales, Jimnez-Barrionuevo Gutirrez-Gutirrez, 2012). This helps them to earn the loyalty and respect of the staff. However, they often overlook the job details. A democratic leader encourages open discussion and participation of all nursing staff during the decision making process. The staffs are entitled with the responsibility of giving feedback on clinical performance. They emphasise on quality improvement of the patient care. Although it leads to a slower decision-making process, this leadership increases job satisfaction (Bhatti et al., 2012). On the other hand, the authoritarian leaders rely on personal knowledge and make decisions without considering staff input. This result in negative reinforcement and the leaders do not tolerate mistakes. They blame individuals for any faults in the nursing care and withheld critical information from the team (Schuh, Zhang Tian, 2013). However, the positive aspect of this leadership is its role in controlling emergency situations. Conversely, an emotionally intelligent leader is self-aware and exhibits empathy, social skills, motivates the staff, and is able to regulate personal feelings (Heckemann, Schols Halfens, 2015). Such leaders are able to stay in control and assess any emergency situation in a calm manner. They do not blame others for any mistakes and rather hold themselves accountable for any adverse incidents in the care setting. Providing empathy to the team and giving constructive feedback helps them to earn respect. Similarly, charismatic leaders are noted for their abi lity to motivate and inspire the staff to show commitment towards the organisation and perform better (Vlachos, Panagopoulos Rapp, 2013). This form of leadership relies on the persuasiveness of the leaders and they share similarities with the transformational leaders. On the other hand, the Laissez-faire leadership style makes the leaders provide negligible direction or supervision to the staff. They take a hands-off approach and rarely make decisions. Thus, the staff are left to meet their goals without any assistance and it is often manifested by leaders who area about to end their careers (Furtner, Baldegger Rauthmann, 2013). Clinical leaders need to exhibit certain characteristics that will help them improve the team performance. They should be respectful and fair towards the staff and should treat them in an equitable manner. Enforcing cooperation and assisting the workers in their individual work also promotes team work (Mannix, Wilkes Daly, 2013). The leaders should be compassionate, and should exhibit the qualities of humility, courage, honesty, commitment, passion and sincerity. This helps them to earn respect and become a good leader. These observable attributes help them to listen, consult and involve all workers while implementing a plan and establishes rapport with the team members (Leggat Balding, 2013). Thus, confronting conflicts, using shared decision-making and developing effective communication networks helps in building a good working environment. Thus, my experience at the ward helped me understand that the nurse had initially displayed a lack of communication skills, which eventually led to violation of the patient safety. I understood that our nursing profession requires us to be responsible for the person who are ill and are unable to advocate for themselves. Therefore, we need to effectively utilize our interpersonal communication skills in order to support the emotional, spiritual and psychological development and needs of our patients (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2015). The incident helped me to gain an understanding of the fact that a display of poor communication can directly lead to the occurrence of avoidable medical errors, as was seen in the aforementioned incident. I also understood that such errors increase stress, burnouts and poor job satisfaction among nurses (Boldy et al., 2013). The nurse in this case was a democratic leader. It was quite effective as we all felt valued and attempted to give our best in future p ractice. Furthermore, she displayed honesty in recognising the flaws and showed commitment towards providing the patient positive health outcomes. I will talk openly about the cultural taboos that might contribute to reluctance of clients to share their difficulties. I will learn how to respectfully disagree to the decisions of a client and his/her family members and will maintain composure in all situations. I will recognise my strengths and weakness and will negotiate different tasks based on individual interests and strengths. This will increase my problem solving capability (Radtke, 2013). I will also try to become an active listener and ply close attention to what my patients say. Avoiding unwanted interruptions in the conversation and showing empathy towards them will facilitate easy management of the patient. I also wish to improve my understanding of non-verbal cues such as, body language and facial expression that will assist me to better connect with my patients and provide them holistic care. Taking regular feedback from the patients and their family will also help me to identify any wrong practices that have been followed and will provide me with an opportunity for future improvement (Cousin et al., 2012). To summarise, it can be stated that effective communication is critical to patient safety. A failure to communicate with patients efficiently, creates harmful effects on their health status, increases risks of adverse events and leads to poor patient outcomes. 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